Recent advances in non-stoichiometric multicomponent hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks

Non-stoichiometric multicomponent hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (NS-HOFs) represent an emerging class of porous materials characterized by their continuously tunable properties. The most distinctive feature of NS-HOFs is the ability to precisely modulate material performance-such as fluorescence emission and gas adsorption selectivity-by adjusting the relative proportions of the constituent components within the framework. Despite the challenges posed by the reversible nature of hydrogen bonds, significant progress has been made in recent years, particularly in the fields of tunable luminescence and toxic gas capture. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in NS-HOFs, focusing on rational design strategies, structural characterization techniques, heterogeneity in component distribution, and their profound influence on key functionalities including light emission, pore environment polarity, and selective adsorption. By highlighting representative studies, this review aims to provide theoretical insights and practical examples to guide the future development of multifunctional NS-HOFs.