Recent advances in microneedle-based electrochemical biosensors for monitoring biomarkers in interstitial fluid

Microneedle (MN)-based electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a revolutionary technology for minimally invasive diagnostic applications and point-of-care (POC) testing of biomarker-rich interstitial fluid (ISF). Featuring painless skin penetration, rapid electrochemical response, high sensitivity, and seamless integration with portable/wireless devices, MN-based electrochemical biosensors offer distinct advantages over conventional invasive or lab-based assays. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in MN-based electrochemical biosensors. It begins by introducing the design strategies and unique advantages of different microneedle platforms for efficient ISF sampling. Subsequently, the review elaborates on the construction of MN-based electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, the application progress of these biosensors for monitoring a wide range of biomarkers, including metabolites, hormones, electrolytes, nucleic acids and proteins, is systematically highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in this rapidly evolving field are discussed, outlining the development path toward next-generation MN-based electrochemical diagnostic devices.