Recent advances in highly sensitive and specific functional nucleic acid sensors for environmental pollutant detection: from mechanism to application

), biotoxins, and pathogenic microorganisms. It also underscores the integration of FNAs with sophisticated technologies like nanomaterials and CRISPR/Cas systems to augment detection sensitivity and efficacy. Despite prevailing challenges, including susceptibility to environmental variables (pH and temperature) and intricate synthesis procedures, FNAs hold immense potential for advancing environmental monitoring and pollution control.