Rajapriya Govindaraju, Jongsung Kim
a target-induced "signal-on" mechanism. Such platforms demonstrate ultra-low detection limits, excellent selectivity, and modular adaptability for the detection of a broad spectrum of analytes, including clinical biomarkers, pathogenic microorganisms, environmental toxins, and heavy metal ions. This comprehensive review systematically summarises the mechanistic foundations of MXene-aptamer interactions, recent advancements in analytical applications, and emerging directions for translational development in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.