From chemistry to cognition: the adaptive origins of consciousness under constraint.

Consciousness is often treated as an evolutionary anomaly, a costly capacity with unclear adaptive origins. Here, cognition and consciousness are distinguished as separate evolutionary lineages, with consciousness arising when an organism must coordinate otherwise distinct regulatory processes to resolve competing demands affecting its own viability. Its functional precursors predate nervous systems, emerging first in boundary-preserving chemical and metabolic regulation. An evolutionary ladder is developed in which proto-control preserves boundaries by selectively permitting, inhibiting, and localizing destruction; meta-control arbitrates among competing local controllers; and settlement control resolves conflict by making competing regulatory demands comparable and jointly binding for policy selection. It follows that artificial consciousness will not emerge from greater cognitive sophistication alone; it will require self-maintaining systems that settle competing demands under real constraint. The framework yields six falsifiable predictions spanning comparative biology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. On this view, consciousness is not evolution's anomaly but its solution: self-anchored, cross-domain settlement under constraint.