Progress and challenges in transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac therapy

Myocardial infarction and heart failure remain leading causes of mortality worldwide. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) represent a promising approach to regenerating damaged myocardium and restoring cardiac function. This review highlights advancements in hPSC-CM differentiation, scale-up, and clinical-grade manufacturing; delivery approaches; and insights from preclinical and clinical studies. We also examine mechanisms of repair, key challenges and mitigation strategies, and future directions to advance hPSC-CM therapies toward clinical translation.