Ex vivo cardiac simulator platforms for personalized cardiovascular diagnostics and intervention planning

Ex vivo cardiac simulators are an ideal solution to the rising burden of cardiovascular disease by leveraging native tissue to replicate patient hemodynamics with high fidelity. Their continued evolution necessitates a review of the technology’s development and analysis of simulator use in pre-operative planning, surgical training, and medical device development. Artificial intelligence and multi-organ couplings are discussed in relation to overcoming existing limitations and shaping the field of personalized medicine.