Multidisciplinary prediction of running-related injuries using machine learning

The causes of endurance running-related injury (RRI) are multifactorial, yet little research has been conducted which utilizes multidisciplinary risk factors for individualized RRI prediction. This paper presents a machine learning (ML)-ready RRI weekly prediction dataset using evidence-based multidisciplinary risk factors. Risk factors in genetic single-nucleotide polymorphisms, history, muscular strength, biomechanics, body composition, nutrition, and training were collected from competitive endurance runners (n = 142), who were prospectively monitored for 12 months for RRIs, accumulating 6181 weekly samples. ML models were fitted using (i) risk factors with high-level supporting evidence, and (ii) a broader range of risk factors to establish a performance baseline. Model performance (AUC = 0.784 ± 0.014) showed moderate improvement compared to previous RRI prediction modeling. Random forest achieved the best performance (AUC = 0.781 ± 0.016, 0.784 ± 0.014), which was significantly higher (q < 0.05) than most other algorithms. Only logistic regression achieved significantly improved (q < 0.05) performance when trained using a broader range of risk factors compared to a selection of high-quality risk factors. This study introduces a reproducible methodological framework for future ML sports injury prediction research and a valuable dataset for pooling in larger-scale analytics. Comparisons among different ML methods revealed nuanced insights into the interaction between data structure and model suitability.