Simple and cost-effective UV spectrophotometric platforms integrating advanced green and blue metrics for concurrent analysis of dapagliflozin and vildagliptin in diabetes therapy

Abstract The co-administration of dapagliflozin (DPF) and vildagliptin (VLT) in tablet dosage forms is a clinically established strategy for managing of type 2 diabetes mellitus and has demonstrated favorable therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, the simultaneous quantitative determination of both drugs remains challenging because of the severe overlap in their UV absorption spectra, with λ max values at 224 nm for DPF and 214 nm for VLT. In this study, novel eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the accurate determination of DPF and VLT in their combined pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed methods include Fourier deconvolution, mean centering, dual wavelength, and induced dual wavelength techniques, which allow precise, reliable, and sensitive analysis without the need for prior separation. These approaches are simple, minimize noise in ratio spectra, and require limited mathematical manipulation, thereby reducing analysis time. DPF and VLT showed linear responses over concentration ranges of 2–24 µg/mL and 10–100 µg/mL, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.00486 to 0.7979 µg/mL for DPF and from 0.0185 to 0.8690 µg/mL for VLT. Method greenness was evaluated using Eco-scale, GAPI, MoGAPI, CaFRI, and blueness assessment, while CACI was applied to assess overall analytical performance. Statistical comparison between the methods showed no significant differences.