A comprehensive approach to the in vitro propagation, phytochemical profile, biological activity, and sustainable use of Salvia Spp.

Salvia is a chemically rich and pharmacologically diverse genus within the Lamiaceae family, widely recognized for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic effects. With the recent trend toward natural products, the economic importance of this genus is also steadily increasing. One reason for the economic importance of the genus Salvia is that its secondary metabolites possess pharmaceutical or nutraceutical properties. Its long-standing use in traditional medicine emphasizes its relevance for modern drug discovery. However, conventional propagation of many Salvia species is limited by slow growth rates, habitat degradation, and overharvesting. Therefore, in vitro tissue culture has become an essential tool for sustainable use, propagation, conservation, and enhancement of valuable metabolites. Integrating data on micropropagation techniques with biological activity studies enables a comprehensive understanding of the genus's medicinal and biotechnological potential. This review assesses recent developments in research on in vitro methods for sage to facilitate the in vitro clonal propagation of Salvia species-which are of significance to various industries-and to determine their phytochemical profiles and evaluate their biological activity.