Walter N. Harrington, Anthony V. Signore, Lisa Kercher, Jolene A. Giacinti, Ahmed Kandeil, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Sarah Bevins, Beate Crossley, Karlie Eure, Thomas Fabrizio, Trushar Jeevan, Julianna Lenoch, Jacqueline M. Nolting, Daniel Rejmanek, David Stallknecht, Trent Bollinger, Evan J. Buck, Deborah Carter, Bradley S. Cohen, Krista E. Dilione, Jamie C. Feddersen, John Franks, Dayna Goldsmith, Cory J. Highway, Chelsea Himsworth, Lydia P. Holmes, Claire Jardine, Mohammad Jawad Jahid, Paul Link, Lance Miller, Nicole M. Nemeth, Madison Owsiany, Margo Pybus, Laura C. Scott, Christopher Sharp, Lauren Smith, Nathan J. Steelman, Brian Stevens, Yohannes Berhane, Mia Kim Torchetti, Andrew M. Ramey, Rebecca Poulson, Richard J. Webby
In late 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses entered North America and reassorted rapidly with local avian influenza viruses. In September 2024, we detected a new reassortant later classified as genotype D1.1. Using active and passive avian influenza surveillance across Canada and the USA, we tracked the emergence and rapid spread of D1.1 viruses in wild birds during the 2024 fall migration. Phylodynamic analysis showed that D1.1 viruses formed a monophyletic group and displaced earlier A(H5) genotypes across several flyways. Their expansion coincided with detections in other hosts, including 17 human cases, 4 of which were severe or fatal. None of the mammalian-adaptive markers detected in human cases were found in wild bird viruses, and candidate vaccine viruses retained antigenic cross-reactivity with D1.1 strains. Using active and passive genomic surveillance, researchers observed the rapid spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 D1.1 viruses in wild birds during the 2024 migratory season, which coincided with detection in humans, but did not identify mammalian adaptive markers in viruses from wild birds.