The Landscape of Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering in Spain.

Spain has undergone a rapid and profound transformation in synthetic biology and bioengineering over the past two decades. What began as a research landscape rooted in classical molecular biology has evolved into a dynamic, multi-institutional ecosystem that integrates bottom-up synthetic cell engineering, top-down reprogramming of living systems and computational and AI-driven design. This Perspective examines the trajectory of Spain's synthetic biology community, highlighting foundational contributions, current strengths and emerging opportunities. Special emphasis is placed on Spain's role in European synthetic cell initiatives, its participation in global biofoundry networks, the establishment of one of the most successful standardisation initiatives-the SEVA platform-and the development of advanced training programs, including the MISB Master's and the SYNBIO-CSIC COFUND doctoral network. Together, these elements position Spain as an active European actor in engineering biology, with growing influence in the matter-to-life nexus, biomanufacturing and sustainable biotechnology. Finally, the manuscript discusses key technical, regulatory, conceptual and translational challenges facing the field, particularly the need to balance engineering ambition with biological complexity, innovation with deployability and control with emergence. Only by addressing these tensions can it move from promise to widespread impact.