Hossein Akbarialiabad, Amirmohammad Pasdar, Dédée F. Murrell, Mehrnaz Mostafavi, Farhan Shakil, Ehsan Safaee, Sancy A. Leachman, Alireza Haghighi, Michelle Tarbox, Christopher G. Bunick, Ayman Grada
Digital twins (DTs) can transform randomized clinical trials by improving ethical standards, including safety, informed consent, equity, and data privacy. They also enhance trial efficiency by enabling early detection of adverse events and streamlined design. This paper explores the role of DTs in personalized medicine, from pre-clinical research to post-marketing, while addressing technological, legal, and ethical challenges in implementation.