Review of microgravity’s impact on cardiovascular and nervous systems in space exploration

Microgravity induces cardiovascular adaptations, including fluid shifts, cardiac remodeling, and autonomic changes. Acute responses involve increased preload and stroke volume, while chronic adaptations include cardiac atrophy, vascular remodeling, and autonomic impairment, contributing to post-flight orthostatic intolerance. These changes raise concerns for long-term astronaut health. Understanding these adaptations is crucial for developing countermeasures to mitigate spaceflight-related cardiovascular risks and may offer insights applicable to terrestrial medicine.