Tissue-specific mutagenesis from endogenous guanine damage is suppressed by Polκ and DNA repair

Knowledge of mutational patterns has expanded significantly, but linking these patterns to specific molecular mechanisms or sources of endogenous DNA damage remains challenging. Translesion synthesis (TLS) is a key determinant of mutagenesis, yet the endogenous lesions that require TLS and how TLS polymerases shape mammalian mutational landscapes are unclear. Here, we characterize somatic mutational patterns across mouse tissues deficient in the TLS polymerase Polκ and find that Polκ suppresses a distinct tissue-specific mutational signature in the liver and kidney. This signature, enriched for C > A/G/T mutations with strong transcriptional-strand bias, indicates that Polκ performs error-free bypass of endogenous guanine adducts. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) acts in parallel, mitigating some of this damage. Targeted adductomics and biochemical analyses identify endogenous N2-dG lesions requiring Polκ-mediated bypass, while untargeted adductomics reveal new guanine lesions that engage NER. These findings uncover the nature of endogenous DNA damage and the coordinated roles of repair and tolerance pathways that limit mutagenesis in tissues. DNA damage can arise from natural cellular processes, but how cells prevent resulting mutations is unclear. Here, the authors show that the enzyme Polκ protects mouse tissues from mutations caused by endogenous guanine lesions, revealing how DNA repair and damage tolerance pathways cooperate to maintain genome integrity.