Huiling Kang, Yunxiang Yang, Yixiao Liu, Mingyu Li, L. M. Zhang, Yuqi Lin, Leander Witte, Kuang‐Yu Chen, Wenya Song, Zhili Xu, Xiaojing He, Luke W. Guddat, Yu Guo, Liming Yan, Yan Gao, Ervin Fodor, Zihe Rao, Zhiyong Lou
Influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs), composed of the polymerase complex (FluPol), nucleoprotein (NP), and RNA, are essential for replication and transcription. We report atomic-resolution cryo-EM structures of mini-vRNPs in two states: FluPol located inside (State-In) or at the outer rim (State-Out) of the NP-RNA ring. In both states, the 5' and 3' termini of vRNA are bound to FluPol as previously reported. One NP (NP-0) contacts PA/PB1 of FluPol and binds the distal double-stranded vRNA promoter, with its D72-K90 loop inserting into the RNA fork; separated strands occupy NP-0 RNA-binding grooves. Grooves from other NPs form a continuous RNA-protective path, consistent with negative-strand RNA virus mechanisms. In State-In, interfaces for FluPol dimerization or Pol II interaction are blocked, but fully exposed in State-Out. These structures reveal detailed FluPol-NP-RNA coupling and suggest a conformational shift in RNPs during the viral life cycle.