Emerging pharmacological targets in migraine therapy: CGRP and beyond.

Migraine is a prevalent, complex, and disabling neurological disorder. Available treatments consist of repurposed drugs, with medication switching and treatment failure a common occurrence. Pathophysiological models have shifted from migraine being a primarily vascular disorder to a complex network disease encompassing cortical, hypothalamic, thalamic, brainstem, trigeminovascular, and meningeal structures. These areas are interconnected by cascades of multiple signalling transmitters and hormones. This review explores how these molecules may offer novel pharmacological targets for efficacious treatments tailored to the pathophysiology of migraine. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) directed therapies include antagonists ("gepants") and monoclonal antibodies. Both drug classes have shown promising effects in managing pain in acute migraine attacks and in prophylactically reducing headache frequency, even within treatment-resistant migraine populations. Animal studies have shown drugs targeting pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) signalling to reduce meningeal vasodilation and chronic allodynia. PACAP ligand-directed monoclonal antibodies offer therapeutic promise in patients with treatment-resistant migraine; however, this evidence base is limited and requires further research. Amylin may offer a novel therapeutic target for migraine; however, currently no such therapies have been developed. Neurokinin receptor antagonists have so far shown little promise in clinical trials, further challenging the role of substance p and neurogenic inflammation in migraine pathophysiology. Building upon the success of triptan therapy, novel serotonergic medications such as 5-HT1F agonists ('ditans') have shown positive benefit in clinical studies as an alternative treatment to triptans. Additional emerging molecular targets include Kir6.1/SUR2B KATP and Kv7 potassium channels, together with GluK1 and mGluR5 glutamate receptors. In contrast, despite a strong mechanistic rationale, therapeutic strategies targeting orexinergic pathways, nitric oxide synthase, and phosphodiesterase/cyclic nucleotide signalling have yet to demonstrate clinical efficacy in migraine. Overall, CGRP, PACAP, and serotonergic signalling offer the greatest promise as emerging pharmacological targets for migraine therapy. Most other emerging pathways remain in early, preclinical stages, with further research needed to bridge the gap between pathophysiological plausibility and robust clinical translation.