Spatiotemporal Decouplingof Carbon and Energy FluxEnables Efficient Biomanufacturing of Aviation Fuel Precursors fromCO2

Abstract Sustainable biomanufacturing of high-value, structurally complex chemicals directly from CO2 represents a frontier for carbon neutrality yet remains fundamentally constrained by a trade-off intrinsic to photobiohybrid systems: catabolic oxidation of fixed carbon must be invoked to regenerate intracellular reducing power, creating a futile cycle that reoxidizes photosynthetically fixed carbon back to CO2 and erodes the overall carbon atom economy. Overcoming this bottleneck requires a unified platform capable of simultaneously supplying carbon substrates and regenerating reducing equivalents to maximize anabolic flux. Here, we report a spatiotemporally decoupled photobiohybrid system that achieves carbon-efficient CO2 conversion through an “extracellular fixation and intracellular empowerment” strategy. A bifunctional catalyst of iron single atoms anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (Fe-NC QDs), featuring atomically dispersed Fe–N4 active sites, was developed. Extracellularly, the Fe-NC QDs catalyze CO2 reduction to methanol with a production rate of 826.10 μmol·g–1·h–1 and 91.33% selectivity; intracellularly, the same QDs are internalized by engineered Pichia pastoris and photocatalytically regenerate NADH through a flavin-mediated electron transport chain. Coupling this bifunctional catalyst with an artificial phosphoketolase pathway enables the direct conversion of CO2 into the C15 aviation fuel precursor epi-isozizaene at a titer of 1.98 mg·L–1, corresponding to a 3-fold increase in product titer over conventional methanol-feeding strategies. By spatiotemporally decoupling carbon supply from energy regeneration, this work establishes a generalizable framework for solar-driven biosynthesis of complex multicarbon feedstocks and advances the development of a circular bioeconomy.