Application and progress of synthetic biology technology in amino acid production.

Amino acids, as key bio-based chemicals, possess unique physiological functions and chemical properties, making them widely applicable in food additives, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. However, conventional production methods suffer from inherent limitations, including low conversion efficiency, poor substrate utilization, and significant environmental burdens. The rapid advancement of synthetic biology has provided a revolutionary pathway for amino acid production through the systematic design and engineering of biological systems. This article reviews recent progress in synthetic biology for amino acid biosynthesis, covering the design and reconstruction of metabolic pathways, the development of genetic circuits and dynamic regulation technologies, and the establishment of high-throughput screening platforms. It further elaborates on production strategies for natural amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, and several non-canonical amino acids. On this basis, the key technical applications of synthetic biology in amino acid manufacturing are systematically expounded, and major bottlenecks-such as host cell adaptive evolution and metabolic flux balance-are discussed in the context of current synthetic biology strategies. By integrating and critically reviewing existing studies, this article aims to explore novel research and development strategies to advance the production of biosynthetic amino acids.