Nitrogen and Boron Co-Doped Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots: Top-Down Fabrication, Comprehensive Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens

within the concentration range of 100-4 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays using HaCaT keratinocytes demonstrated that N-GOQDs combine effective antibacterial performance with excellent cytocompatibility, achieving bacterial eradication at concentrations that remain entirely nontoxic to human skin cells. The results provide clear structure-activity insights and position N-GOQDs as a promising platform for developing next-generation antibacterial nanomaterials targeting multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens.