Smart Bioaerosol Monitoring: Advanced Sampling and Sensing across Environmental, Clinical, and Industrial Domains

, and enzymes are also in use. Detection technology is similarly transformative. Optical methods such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), multiwavelength fluorescence spectroscopy (MFS), and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) enable real-time, noninvasive monitoring of microbes. Likewise, electrochemical biosensors enhanced with aptamers, antibodies, and nanomaterials offer increased sensitivity, portability for on-site testing, and the ability to detect very low pathogen levels. Access to personalized environmental health monitoring is now feasible through integrated platforms in wearable and smart infrastructure. Despite these advancements, challenges such as environmental variability, false positives, and sensor lifespan remain. This review discusses how these issues arise and explores future trends in biosensor design, data integration, and standardization.