Piezocatalytic Nanoplatform Drives Mg ²⁺ -Release-Amplified Ferroptosis-Immune Synergy for Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by immunosuppression, restricting immune activation and T cell infiltration and thereby reducing therapeutic efficacy. Effective TME reprogramming is critical to amplify immune responses and improve therapeutic outcomes. Herein, hyaluronic acid-modified Cu 3 BiS 3 /MgO 2 nanoparticles (CBS/Mg NPs) are engineered to implement a “shock and awaken” strategy that achieves ultrasound-responsive piezocatalytic therapy (PCT) with Mg 2+ -release-amplified ferroptosis and immunomodulation. Benefiting from the partially degradable design, CBS/Mg NPs possess a self-supplied H 2 O 2 capability and release Mg 2+ in acidic TME, where H 2 O 2 fuels a Cu + -mediated Fenton-like reaction. Concurrently, under ultrasound irradiation, the piezoelectric Cu 3 BiS 3 generates a built-in electric field that efficiently facilitates the separation of electron–hole pairs, thereby amplifying oxidative stress and delivering a piezocatalytic “shock” to tumor cells. The resulting excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, coupled with glutathione depletion, suppresses GPX4 expression and accelerates lipid peroxidation, ultimately awakening ferroptosis. Ferroptosis-induced immunogenic cell death triggers immune activation, which is further potentiated by Mg 2+ release. Moreover, activated T cells secrete IFN-γ, which suppresses SLC7A11 expression and reduces intracellular glutathione synthesis, therefore establishing a self-amplifying ferroptosis loop. As envisaged, this “shock and awaken” strategy, integrating PCT with a partially degradable design, effectively reprograms the immunosuppressive TME, improves antitumor efficacy, and inhibits lung metastasis, highlighting its promise for piezocatalytic immunomodulation.