Engineering Asymmetric Active Sites with Spin Polarization for Selective Photocatalytic CO ₂ -to-CH ₃ COOH Conversion

Selective photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to CH 3 COOH is highly desirable but hindered by poor intermediate stabilization and sluggish C–C coupling. Here we report a coordination-environment engineering strategy to construct asymmetric Co active sites and induce intrinsic spin polarization by nitrogen incorporation into Co 3 O 4 . Nitrogen substitution and oxygen vacancy formation generate Co sites with distinct coordination and charge distributions, stabilizing *CO intermediates and lowering the C–C coupling barrier. Concurrently, spin polarization enhances charge carrier separation, further intensified by an external magnetic field. In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations confirm the synergistic role of asymmetry and spin effects in facilitating intermediate formation and CH 3 COOH production. The optimized N–Co 3 O 4– X catalyst achieves a CH 3 COOH yield of 41.4 μmol g –1 h –1 with 95% electron selectivity under external magnetic field. This work presents a dual-modulation strategy for efficient CO 2 -to-C 2 conversion.