Rapid Laser-Based Deposition of PbI ₂ /CsBr Inorganic Scaffolds for Hybrid Fabrication of Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells

Rapid dry deposition of metal halide perovskites and inorganic scaffolds remains a key challenge for scalable vapor-phase fabrication. Here, we demonstrate fast vapor-phase growth of PbI 2 /CsBr inorganic scaffolds from a single composite target using pulsed laser deposition. Deposition rates exceeding 100 nm min –1, over an order of magnitude higher than comparable co-evaporated scaffolds, enable the deposition of ∼540 nm-thick PbI 2 /CsBr inorganic scaffolds on textured silicon cells within 5 min. The PbI 2 /CsBr ratio is moreover maintained from the source target to the film, and the process delivers high material utilization. Proof-of-concept 1 cm 2 fully textured perovskite/silicon tandem cells are demonstrated with the rapid PLD scaffolds converted with an organohalide solution to perovskite absorbers and passivated with piperazinium iodide. The material and device characterization demonstrates that laser-based vapor deposition is a promising route for rapid inorganic scaffold fabrication.