Recent Progress in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbX ₃ (X = Cl, Br, I) Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices

Originating from their superior and highly tunable optical and electronic properties, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have garnered intense research interest, enabling a diverse range of high-performance optoelectronic applications including photodetectors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and lasers. Nowadays, efforts have been focused on materials synthesis and device fabrication and device performance, which have made considerable progress. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the recent progress of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) OIHP materials including chemical synthesis method, device configurations, operational mechanism, and their optical–electronic properties. Accordingly, we systematically introduce their applications across various domains, such as lasers, LEDs, solar cells, photodetectors, and biologically inspired synaptic devices based on the OIHP materials. Finally, this review critically addresses the persistent challenges, primarily concerning long-term stability and lead toxicity, and offers an insightful perspective on the future research directions and commercialization potential of OIHP-based technologies, solidifying their status as prime candidates for next-generation semiconductor materials.