Tayssir Hamieh
) terms was found essential to reproduce experimental linearity and capture the physical duality of real surfaces. The new model thus transforms adsorption thermodynamics from an empirical linear model into a physically interpretable, statistically validated law. This formulation provides a unified energetic basis for describing the amphoteric and polarizable nature of oxides, polymers, and hybrid materials, and offers a predictive platform for future studies on temperature-dependent adsorption and electronic structure-surface energy correlations.