Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol over Ni–Mo ₂ C Catalysts: Effect of Synthesis Strategy on Activity and Selectivity

Designing efficient catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is vital for upgrading biomass-derived feedstocks into cleaner fuels and high-added value chemicals. In this study, we investigated two distinct strategies for synthesizing Ni-modified molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C) catalysts: a one-step microwave-assisted carburization method (NiMo 2 C) and a sequential approach involving incipient wetness impregnation of microwave-synthesized Mo 2 C with nickel nitrate (Ni/Mo 2 C). Comprehensive physicochemical characterization using XRD, XPS, SEM/EDS, TEM, BET, and H 2 -TPR revealed pronounced differences in the structure and surface chemistry. These structural differences in morphology, dispersion, and metal–support interactions significantly influenced catalytic behavior. Ni/Mo 2 C demonstrated superior performance in guaiacol HDO, achieving an overall conversion of 98%, mostly forming high H/C products (cyclohexane), which are exclusively displayed by this catalyst. Additionally, the catalyst displays high stability, enabling the same conversion to proceed for more than 10 h. The findings underscore the critical role of synthetic pathways in tailoring the structure–function relationship of carbide-based catalysts for biomass conversion.