Research progress on nanoplatforms for in vivo miRNA detection over the past decade.

Accurate in vivo microRNA (miRNA) detection is of great significance for disease diagnosis and therapy, but traditional methods face limitations in terms of sensitivity, penetration depth, and dynamic monitoring capabilities. Nanomaterial-based detection technologies provide innovative analytical platforms to overcome these challenges. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on in vivo miRNA detection technologies over the past decade, covering fluorescence detection, near-infrared imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and multimodal composite detection platform design strategies and performance. The review also analyzes the applications and technical advantages of each method. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in developing these detection platforms are discussed, providing a reference for further research and clinical application of in vivo miRNA detection technologies.