A spatio-temporal random synthetic turbulent velocity field: The underlying Gaussian structure

We develop, simulate and extend an initial proposition by Chaves et al. ( J. Stat. Phys. , vol. 113, no. 5-6, 2003, pp. 643–692) concerning a random incompressible vector field able to reproduce key ingredients of three-dimensional turbulence in both space and time. In this paper we focus on the important underlying Gaussian framework. Presently, the statistical spatial structure of this velocity field is consistent with a divergence-free fractional Gaussian vector field that encodes all known properties of homogeneous and isotropic fluid turbulence at a given finite Reynolds number, up to second-order statistics. The temporal structure of the velocity field is introduced through a stochastic evolution of the respective Fourier modes. In the simplest picture, Fourier modes evolve according to an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, where the characteristic time scale depends on the wave-vector amplitude. For consistency with direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Navier–Stokes equations, this time scale is inversely proportional to the wave-vector amplitude. As a consequence, the characteristic velocity that governs the eddies is independent of their size and is related to the velocity standard deviation, which is consistent with some features of the so-called sweeping effect. To ensure differentiability in time while respecting the Markovian nature of the evolution, we use the methodology developed by Viggiano et al. ( J. Fluid Mech., vol. 900, 2020, A27) to propose a fully consistent stochastic picture. We finally derive analytically all statistical quantities in a continuous set-up and develop precise and efficient numerical schemes of the corresponding periodic framework. Both exact predictions and numerical estimations of the model are compared with DNS provided by the Johns Hopkins database.