Galina Churkina
This chapter covers the interactions of urbanization with weather and climate. It begins with definitions of weather, climate, and climate change, and examples of urban interactions with weather and climate. Then urban impacts on temperatures and precipitation are reviewed. Thereafter, the reasons underlying these effects, including city structure, size, waste heat, and pollution, are described. This chapter concludes with explanations of the radiation budget and energy balance, which are central for understanding the city-climate interactions. This concluding sections are tailored to advanced readers with an interest in an in-depth understanding of physical processes underlying city effects on weather and climate.