Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Pattern and Timing of Fetal and Neonatal Brain Abnormalities

We provide an updated overview of standard and advanced neuroimaging techniques used in the evaluation of brain abnormalities in fetuses, newborns, and young infants, emphasizing how imaging can identify patterns and estimate the timing of brain injury, helping to distinguish between static malformations, acquired injuries, and progressive or metabolic conditions. Common developmental abnormalities (e.g., neural tube defects, disorders of brain folding and growth, and structural anomalies like cephaloceles and Dandy–Walker malformation) are discussed. The chapter also covers trauma, stroke, brain hemorrhage, infections before or around birth (cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and rubella), and bacterial infections like meningitis or abscesses. Inherited and acquired metabolic disorders affecting gray and white matter are also illustrated. Techniques such as functional imaging, brain perfusion studies, and chemical analysis using spectroscopy are included. Practical considerations regarding radiation safety, sedation, and use of infant-friendly equipment are addressed, alongside recent technological advances like artificial intelligence–based image enhancement and low-dose CT.