Impact of green and blue spaces on physical activity: An umbrella review

Current evidence is unclear on the association between aspects of green (e.g., trails, parks) and blue (e.g., lakes) spaces and physical activity (PA). This association is nuanced as types and characteristics of green and blue spaces may induce varying impacts on PA domains. Therefore, an umbrella review was conducted to summarize and appraise relevant systematic reviews to provide a comprehensive synthesis of high-quality evidence on the association between green and blue spaces and PA. The review was planned, conducted and reported in accordance with the guidelines by the Joanna Briggs Institute. A systematic review was considered eligible for inclusion if it included at least two primary quantitative studies evaluating green and/or blue space features and PA. Findings were synthesized narratively. Sixteen systematic reviews involving 6,907,131 individuals published between 2017 and 2025 were included in the review. Thirteen systematic reviews examined green spaces, one review examined blue spaces, and two reviews examined both green and blue space-related interventions. Positive associations were observed for green space availability, aesthetics and types, and blue space availability, with active recreation and total PA. Despite the heterogeneity in the assessment of green and blue spaces and PA domains, this review reveals important associations between green space availability, aesthetics and PA. Identification of specific features and characteristics of green and blue spaces linked with PA may help leverage the maximum associated health benefits and inform urban design. • This review links green space availability, aesthetics, and physical activity. • Green and blue space access increases active recreation and total physical activity. • Measurement of green and blue spaces and physical activity varies across studies. • Identifying green space features that promote activity can guide healthy city design.