Fundamental Surgical Principles for Interventional Radiology and Vascular Practice.

Interventional radiology (IR) and vascular procedures are minimally invasive in approach, yet complications such as bleeding, infection, pseudoaneurysm formation, and delayed wound healing remain closely linked to fundamental surgical principles. Despite increasing procedural complexity, structured training in tissue handling, suturing, and infection prevention remains variable across IR practice. This narrative review synthesises established surgical literature, IR guidance, and procedural evidence to present a practical, principle-based framework applicable to routine IR and vascular interventions. By optimising tissue handling, closure technique, infection prevention, and data-driven audit, procedural safety and reproducibility can be maximized and the best possible outcomes achieved.