Battery leasing for electric Vehicles: A comprehensive review of business Models, global Trends, and strategic implications

This study presents a comprehensive scoping review of the rapidly evolving concept of battery leasing, drawing on academic literature, industry reports, and grey sources. As electric vehicles (EVs) become central to the global energy transition, battery leasing is increasingly recognized as a strategic mechanism to reduce the high upfront costs of EV ownership, decouple vehicle and battery lifecycles, and accelerate market adoption. Employing the Antecedent–Decision–Outcome (ADO) framework, the review systematically examines the drivers of battery leasing, dominant business models, and emerging implementation trends across key regions. The analysis highlights strategic implications for policymakers, automotive manufacturers, mobility service providers, and investors, underscoring the importance of harmonized policies, innovative financing mechanisms, and robust technological infrastructure to enable sustainable scaling. Finally, the study proposes a forward-looking research agenda that explores cross-sectoral partnerships, consumer behaviour dynamics, and the long-term economic and environmental impacts of battery leasing within the broader context of the global energy and mobility transition.