Autologous, allogeneic, in vivo CAR for autoimmune diseases

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapies are emerging for autoimmune diseases (ADs). Early-phase clinical studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) show encouraging results using autologous, allogeneic, and in vivo CAR T-cell (CAR-T) strategies. This forum compares these three strategies, highlighting clinical design, safety, and efficacy, and explores the translational challenges of in vivo CAR engineering in ADs.