Evolution of periodontal ligament stem cells and their laden scaffolds as game changers in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Regenerative dentistry is an evolving specialty in dentistry, encouraged by advances in biomedical engineering studies and increasing demands and needs that surpass the capabilities of standard techniques. Bioengineering relies on three fundamental pillars: stem cells, bioactive molecules, and scaffolds. In this respect, periodontal ligament stem cells are of particular importance due to their extraordinary properties. The use of a tissue-guiding scaffold with a unique geometry and interface configuration has been recognized as a very attractive approach. These scaffolds have shown promising potential to induce therapeutic effects in regenerative dentistry. Regenerative procedures have led to novel concepts in various conventional therapeutic modalities in multiple dental disciplines. For example, conventional periodontal therapy is being replaced by modified techniques to direct tissue regeneration. The paper provides a comprehensive review of current treatment modalities that have been introduced into routine patient care, prospective healthcare innovations, and the importance of periodontal ligament stem cells in regenerative dentistry.