Pharmacological, Toxicological, Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Insights into North American Aconitum Species.

Aconitum L. species are widely recognized for their highly bioactive diterpenoid alkaloids, which contribute to their therapeutic potential and substantial toxicity. While Asian and European Aconitum species have been extensively studied in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, North American species remain comparatively underexplored. This review examines the ethnobotanical records, phytochemical data, toxicological mechanisms, and reported biological activities of North American Aconitum species, with emphasis on A. delphiniifolium and A. columbianum, the only native North American species with published alkaloid characterization. The literature was collected from scientific databases and ethnobotanical sources, with comparisons made to the better-studied Asian medicinal species, A. carmichaelii. Available research indicates that North American Aconitum species have limited documented medicinal use, although Alaskan Native groups historically used Aconitum-derived poisons in whale hunting. Phytochemical studies identified at least fifteen diterpenoid alkaloids in A. delphiniifolium and A. columbianum, including several compounds also found in A. carmichaelii with reported analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cytotoxic activities. However, direct pharmacological studies on North American species are lacking. These findings suggest that limited exploration of North American Aconitum reflects historical and research bias rather than the absence of therapeutic potential and highlights a significant research gap to support further metabolomic, pharmacological, and toxicological investigations of North American Aconitum species.