Principles of sheep behaviour: An overview from a welfare perspective

The behaviour of sheep, like that of other animals, is the result of a complex interaction between causal mechanisms, their specific function, their development throughout life and their phylogenetic prevalence in the species. Within the domain of animal welfare, behavioural phenomena are of paramount importance, as they furnish pivotal insights into how individuals navigate environmental challenges and the way these challenges impact their mental states, biological functioning, and species-typical behavioural repertoires. The aim of this review is to critically and systematically examine key aspects of sheep behaviour to enhance the understanding of their biological needs and support improvements in the welfare of sheep raised under different production systems. The review emphasises the pivotal role of sensory systems in animal behaviour and welfare, along with the motivational systems that facilitate the manifestation of individual, social, and parental behaviours. It’s also examines abnormal behaviours in sheep and their implications for human-animal interactions within the production context. The integration of sheep behaviour knowledge with contemporary livestock management strategies is appropriate to enhance both welfare and productive efficiency. Future research should focus on improving behavioural assessments, improved handling techniques and the possible implementation of precision farming to monitoring sheep behaviour. • Integrates dispersed knowledge on sheep behaviour from a welfare perspective. • Describes sensory systems and their role in shaping sheep behaviour. • Examines individual, social and maternal behavioural patterns in sheep. • Reviews abnormal behaviours in sheep and their underlying causes. • Discusses human–sheep interactions and their behavioural implications.