Multi-objective optimization framework to achieve near-zero energy building in the Czech Republic for future climatic conditions

This study applies a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) framework to enhance the energy performance of a typical high-rise residential building in Prague and assess its resilience under future climate change scenarios. A total of 18 passive strategies—including external wall and roof insulation (0.08–0.20 m), optimized Window-to-Wall Ratios (10–90 % by orientation), triple low-E glazing, and dynamic shading overhangs—were evaluated alongside two active strategies (heating and cooling COP optimization) and three renewable strategies (roof-mounted photovoltaic (PV) panels with tilt, spacing, and orientation optimization). Results show that integrating these strategies can reduce annual energy demand by up to 68.7 % under current climate conditions and by 56 %, 42 %, and 32 % in the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s, respectively. The optimized configuration maintained acceptable indoor comfort, with Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) values reduced by up to 18 % compared to the baseline. PV panels generated 53,875 kWh annually under current conditions, covering 69 % of thermal and electrical demand, though coverage declined under future climate scenarios due to rising cooling loads. These findings demonstrate that a comprehensive integration of passive, active, and renewable strategies can significantly improve building performance and provide a resilient pathway toward Near-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) under changing climatic conditions.