The presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sanitary pads: A study done in South Africa

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates, bisphenols, and parabens are widely used in consumer products and have been associated with reproductive toxicity, hormonal imbalance, and cancer. Menstrual products represent a potential but under-recognized source of exposure. In South Africa, several brands advertise as being free from harmful chemicals, yet limited research has verified these as potential EDC sources. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and profiles of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols in sanitary pads and panty liners sold in South Africa. To estimate dermal exposure to these EDCs through menstrual product use and determine the significance of sanitary pads as a potential source of EDC exposure. A total of 20 EDCs, including nine phthalates, five parabens, and six bisphenols, were analysed in 16 commercially available sanitary pads and seven panty liners in South Africa. The selected compounds were detected and quantified using chromatographic analysis and estimated daily exposure doses were subsequently calculated to evaluate potential health risks. EDCs were detected and quantified in all tested samples, with each pad and liner containing at least two of the target EDCs. The detection frequencies (DFs) of phthalates, bisphenols, and parabens in liners were 100%, 75%, and 75%, respectively, and 50%, 100%, and 85% in pads. Phthalates were more prevalent in liners, compared to bisphenols in pads. This study revealed the presence of EDCs in sanitary pads and liners in South Africa, identifying menstrual products as a significant but overlooked source of toxic exposure. Although daily doses may seem low, the long-term, repeated contact with sensitive tissues poses cumulative health risks, including reproductive toxicity and cancer. This study provides the first comprehensive data on EDC contamination in sanitary pads and panty liners sold in South Africa, addressing a gap in regional exposure research. • Phthalates, bisphenols, and parabens were detected and quantified, with each item containing at least two of the target EDCs. • The detection frequencies of EDCs varied between 75% and 100% in liners and between 50% and 100% in pads. • Phthalates were more prevalent in liners, whereas bisphenols were more frequently detected in pads. • Daily exposure doses range from 2 to 20 ng/kg-bw/day for normal skin absorption and 8–80 ng/kg-bw/day . • Cumulative contribution and long-term and repeated dermal contact, raises concern for potential adverse health outcomes.