Identifying possible neurodevelopmental effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network for human developmental neurotoxicology

concentrations in neural cells. These disruptions culminate in diminished synaptogenesis and neuroplasticity, weakened neuronal connectivity, and ultimately deficits in memory, learning, and cognitive performance. By establishing mechanistic links between PFAS and key neurodevelopmental events, our findings provide a foundation for assessing associated risks.