Abhishek Kumar, Ashutosh Singh, Parul Verma, Sajid Ali, Ritu Chauhan, Asadjon Kambarov, Rano Toshkodirova, Makhmudjon Mirsaidov
GC-MS analysis resolved the curated dataset into 350 putatively annotated parent metabolites, and PCA demonstrated clear season-dependent metabolomic separation, with 16 metabolites differing significantly among collection periods. S2 exhibited the broadest diversity of literature-supported antibacterial candidates, including α-linolenic acid, citronellol, dodecanoic acid, farnesol, ferulic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, whereas S3 was enriched in caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, D-limonene, and xylitol. Antibacterial activity varied according to season and bacterial isolate, with Staphylococcus aureus showing the highest susceptibility, while Escherichia coli exhibited weaker direct sensitivity. Phage-extract interaction assays demonstrated that CF01 enhanced Escherichia coli O157:H7 suppression at sub-MIC extract concentrations, particularly when extract-only treatment resulted in incomplete bacterial inhibition, with stronger enhancement patterns observed for S2 and S3 extracts.
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antifungal and antibacterial activities of O. sanctum leaf extracts, with particular focus on sewage water-borne antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts were prepared and evaluated for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract (OsLME) showed the highest phenolic (43.15 ± 0.52 mg GAE g-1) and flavonoid (19.34 ± 0.36 mg RE g-1) contents and showed the highest antioxidant activity (89.12 ± 1.8 % inhibition at 4,000 μg mL-1). OsLME did not show mutagenic activity in the tested Salmonella typhimurium strains and showed antimutagenic activity against known mutagens. It also showed the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans (22.11 ± 4.2 mm) and antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with the lowest MIC of 250 μg mL-1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thermal stability analysis showed a gradual reduction in bioactivity, particularly at 50 °C. The findings indicate that O. sanctum, especially its methanolic leaf extract, is a promising source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.