Evolution of safety requirements in industrial robotics: Comparative analysis of ISO 10218-1/2 (2011 vs. 2025) and integration of ISO/TS 15066

• Systematic comparison of ISO 10218:2011 vs. 2025 safety frameworks • Integration of ISO/TS 15066 into normative text • Synthesizes scientific drivers behind new PFL and cybersecurity mandates • Identifies regulatory gaps in AI, Humanoids, and Mobile Manipulation • Analyse the shift from mechanical to holistic Cyber-Physical Safety • Outlines future challenges in dynamic validation and cognitive ergonomics Industrial robotics constitutes a cornerstone of modern large-scale manufacturing. Concurrently, the proliferation of collaborative robotics has introduced novel paradigms of human-robot interaction. These technological advancements have necessitated a fundamental revision of the normative safety framework, specifically to address the imperatives of cybersecurity and unauthorized access in networked systems. This article presents a systematic comparative analysis of the ISO 10218:2011 and ISO 10218:2025 standards, examining the evolution of their structure, terminology, technical requirements, and annexes. The analysis identifies profound expansions in functional safety and cybersecurity, the establishment of new classification systems for robots and collaborative applications, and the full normative assimilation of the technical specification ISO/TS 15066. Consequently, the new edition synthesizes mechanical, functional, and digital safety requirements, establishing a comprehensive, integrated framework for the design, verification, and operation of modern robotic systems.