Magnetic field-assisted photoelectrochemical water splitting: Materials, mechanisms, and emerging insights

Magnetic field-assisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is gaining traction as a promising approach to improve charge carrier dynamics and catalytic efficiency. This mini review explores the development of magnetically active materials applied in PEC systems, including transition metal-based ferromagnets, doped semiconductors with magnetic ions, and composite structures integrating magnetic nanoparticles. We examine how magnetic fields interact with these materials to influence fluid flow, spin-dependent processes, and surface electronic states, thereby modulating overall PEC performance. The review also covers key characterization and modeling techniques used to investigate magnetic effects at various scales. Despite ongoing advancements, fundamental questions remain regarding the interplay of coexisting mechanisms and how to engineer materials with optimal magneto-photoelectrochemical synergy. This work outlines current progress while identifying critical directions for future research aimed at unlocking the full potential of magnetically tuned PEC water splitting.