Molla Hasan, Budi Sutrisno, Hartadhi Hartadhi, Anita Faradilla, Tarno Tarno, Budiman Kamil, Dian Khairiani, Nelly Malik Lande, Yogie Probo Sibagariang, Tulus Burhanuddin Sitorus
Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) represents an emerging solution to address land scarcity and high-temperature challenges that limit the efficiency of solar power generation in tropical regions. This study investigates the impact of installation height on the thermal, electrical, and economic performance of bifacial monocrystalline and monofacial polycrystalline modules deployed on a floating system at Puspiptek Pond, Indonesia. Modules were installed at three heights: 70 cm, 50 cm, and 30 cm above the water surface and monitored for module temperature, water temperature, solar irradiance, and AC power output. Results demonstrate that installation height strongly influences cooling effectiveness and energy conversion. Modules at 70 cm consistently operated at lower temperatures (55–57 °C) and produced higher energy yields, while those at 30 cm experienced overheating (up to 60 °C) and reduced performance. Comparative analysis revealed that bifacial modules at 70 cm achieved superior outcomes, with a Performance Ratio of 87.34 %, a Capacity Factor of 8.36 %, and the highest short-term revenue, outperforming monofacial modules at the same height. Although monofacial modules benefited from elevation, their efficiency and economic return remained lower. These findings highlight the dual importance of module type and installation height in optimizing FPV systems. Overall, the study confirms that a 70 cm installation height maximizes the passive cooling effect, improves thermal stability, enhances energy efficiency, and increases economic viability, offering practical guidance for scaling FPV deployment in tropical environments.