Metabolism, autophagy, and cell death: The triangular axis in tumor survival and therapeutic resistance

Tumor cells face constant environmental and therapeutic stresses, relying on interconnected survival mechanisms involving autophagy, metabolism, and cell death regulation. This review explores the triangular relationship between these processes and how their dynamic interplay supports tumor growth and drives resistance to various treatments. We discuss key molecular pathways regulating autophagy and metabolic reprogramming, and their impact on different cell death modalities. Finally, we address current challenges in translating this knowledge into clinical therapies, emphasizing the need for precise biomarkers and combination strategies to overcome resistance. Understanding this complex network offers promising avenues for developing more effective cancer treatments.