Biochemical health implications of textile dyes: a multidisciplinary perspective

The global textile industry relies heavily on synthetic dyes, whose extensive use has raised serious environmental and public health concerns. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the biochemical and toxicological effects of textile dyes, with emphasis on their impact on human health and ecological systems. Exposure to these dyes through inhalation, dermal contact, or ingestion has been linked to oxidative stress, enzyme inhibition, bioaccumulation, and disruptions in liver and kidney function, as well as immunological, hormonal, genotoxic, and mutagenic alterations. Key biochemical biomarkers, including liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT), renal markers (urea, creatinine), and antioxidant parameters, demonstrate significant perturbations following exposure. The review further explores mechanistic insights involving cytochrome P450 dysregulation, oxidative damage, and interference with DNA repair pathways. Although natural dyes present safer and more sustainable alternatives, their limited commercial adoption sustains dependence on synthetic dyes. Addressing these health risks demands stricter regulatory controls, improved effluent management, and a global shift toward eco-friendly dyeing practices. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for further multidisciplinary research into the biochemical mechanisms underlying textile dye toxicity and strategies for effective mitigation.