Adverse childhood experiences and prospective changes in diurnal cortisol activity during the transition to adolescence: Moderation by daily coping and adolescent sex.

PURPOSE: Examining circadian hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity during adolescence is vital for understanding physiological changes. Limited research explores risk and protective factors for diurnal HPA activity. This study investigates how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and coping are associated with changes in diurnal cortisol patterns, using a combination of physiological biomarkers (i.e., salivary cortisol), daily diaries, and longitudinal assessments spanning two years. METHODS: The sample included 316 Chinese adolescents (33% females; T1 Mage = 10.79 years, SD = 0.84). At T1, adolescents reported ACEs, completed 7-day diaries on coping, and provided saliva samples for three consecutive days. Two years later (T2), adolescents completed a follow-up assessment on diurnal cortisol activity. Latent change score modeling was conducted to investigate changing patterns in diurnal cortisol and associations of ACEs and coping with the changing patterns. RESULTS: From T1 to T2, waking cortisol decreased, CAR increased, and diurnal cortisol slopes became steeper. ACEs were associated with initial levels of diurnal cortisol activity but not changes in it: more ACEs were linked to higher T1 waking cortisol and a smaller T1 CAR. Higher ACEs were also associated with later wake-up times; later wake-up was associated with lower T1 CAR, more blunted T1 diurnal slopes, and flatter diurnal slopes across time. Daily coping (mean and variability) moderated the associations between ACEs and diurnal cortisol. CONCLUSION: By observing coping as a moderator between ACEs and cortisol patterns, this study demonstrates that associations between ACEs and diurnal cortisol differ across adolescents' coping use and coping variability.