Ashen Epa Arachchi, Anh Dang Trieu Do, Adnan Alrubaye
The continuous growth of the global poultry industry is driven by high consumer demand and, in response, industrial improvements in poultry nutrition, bird health, and many other aspects of production. This comprehensive review presents and discusses various feed additives and supplements commonly used in the broiler industry (such as pro/prebiotics, phytogenic additives, organic acids, PUFA & SCFA-based additives, trace minerals and nano-minerals, miscellaneous feed additives and emerging biotechnological additives), their main functions as well as interactive nature with the broiler's gut, bone and immune systems to keep the animals productive and healthy. Special emphasis has been placed on the gut-bone, gut-immune, and immune-bone axes in describing the role of feed additives, with the novel "trifecta concept" serving as the central and conceptual framework for explaining the interactions among these axes. This review will provide useful insights for different sectors of the poultry and livestock industries, with prospective applications across associated disciplines, and future directions within this paradigm, ultimately contributing to robust and sustainable broiler production to feed an ever-evolving world.