Advances in minimally invasive and cosmetic approaches for submandibular gland surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively analyze the application of traditional cervical and minimally invasive cosmetic approaches in submandibular gland (SMG) surgery, with a focus on comparing technical key points, perioperative outcomes, complication profiles, and cosmetic effects, and to discuss the basis for selecting surgical strategies. METHODS: A literature review was conducted to examine the evolution of SMG surgery from traditional open cervical approaches to minimally invasive techniques. The analysis encompassed conventional methods and various concealed incision approaches, including transoral, endoscope-assisted, and robot-assisted procedures. RESULTS: The traditional cervical approach remains the cornerstone for managing complex or malignant lesions due to its adequate exposure, safety, and controllability. In contrast, minimally invasive cosmetic approaches demonstrate excellent postoperative cosmetic satisfaction in benign and localized lesions, effectively concealing surgical scars while achieving favorable perioperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The selection of surgical approaches for SMG surgery should be individualized, balancing tumor radicality, functional protection, and cosmetic goals. Future prospective studies, technological innovations, and standardized evaluation systems are needed to further optimize surgical outcomes and patients' quality of life.